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- $Unique_ID{BRK03851}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Hypokalemia}
- $Subject{Hypokalemia Hypokalemic Syndrome Hypopotassemia Syndrome Nephritis
- Potassium-Losing Potassium Loss Low Potassium Bartter's Syndrome Periodic
- Paralysis Hypokalemic Type Alkalosis Metabolic }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 748:
- Hypokalemia
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Hypokalemia) is not
- the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Hypokalemic Syndrome
- Hypopotassemia Syndrome
- Nephritis, Potassium-Losing
- Potassium Loss
- Low Potassium
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Bartter's Syndrome
- Periodic Paralysis, Hypokalemic Type
- Alkalosis, Metabolic
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Hypokalemia is a metabolic imbalance characterized by extremely low
- potassium levels in the blood. It is a symptom of another disease or
- condition, or a side effect of diuretic drugs. The body needs potassium for
- the contraction of muscles (including the heart), and for the functioning of
- many complicated proteins (enzymes). Potassium is found primarily in the
- skeletal muscle and bone, and participates with sodium to contribute to the
- normal flow of body fluids between the cells in the body. The normal
- concentration of potassium in the body is regulated by the kidneys through
- the excretion of urine. When the kidneys are functioning normally, the
- amount of potassium in the diet is sufficient for use by the body and the
- excess is usually excreted through urine and sweat. Body chemicals and
- hormones such as aldosterone also regulate potassium balance. Secretion of
- the hormone insulin, which is normally stimulated by food, prevents a
- temporary diet-induced Hypokalemia by increasing cell absorption of
- potassium. When Hypokalemia occurs, there is an imbalance resulting from a
- dysfunction in this normal process, or the rapid loss of urine or sweat
- without replacement of sufficient potassium.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Symptoms of hypokalemia may include attacks of severe muscle weakness,
- eventually leading to paralysis and possibly respiratory failure. Muscular
- malfunction may result in paralysis of the bowel, low blood pressure, muscle
- twitches and mineral deficiencies (tetany). Severe hypokalemia may also lead
- to disruption of skeletal muscle cells, particularly during exercise. The
- normal physical response to exercise requires the local release of potassium
- from muscle. In potassium depleted muscle, the lack of potassium prevents
- adequate widening of blood vessels, resulting in decreased muscle blood flow,
- cramps and the destruction of skeletal muscle.
-
- Hypokalemia may also impair the ability of the kidneys to concentrate
- urine, resulting in excessive urination (polyuria) and excessive thirst
- (polydipsia). Other symptoms may include loss of appetite, nausea and
- vomiting. There may also be heart irregularities seen in electrocardiograph
- changes, confusion, distention of the abdomen, a decrease in mental activity.
-
- Causes
-
- Hypokalemia always occurs as a result of excessive loss of potassium through
- the urine, sweat or stool. It is always a symptom of another disorder,
- rather than a disease that occurs by itself.
-
-
- The excessive excretion of potassium in the urine (kaliuresis) may result
- from the use of diuretic drugs (which increases urination), a deficiency of
- magnesium in the blood, excessive mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone in
- the blood which affect the electrolyte and fluid balance in the body (usually
- caused by endocrine diseases), kidney disorders, or from the use of high
- doses of penicillin. Gastrointestinal losses of potassium usually are due to
- prolonged diarrhea or vomiting, chronic laxative abuse, inadequate dietary
- intake of potassium, intestinal obstruction or infections such as fistulas in
- the intestines which continually drain intestinal fluids. Additionally,
- excessive perspiration due to hot weather or exercise can cause hypokalemia.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Hypokalemia may affect both males and females. However, it occurs more
- commonly in females.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders include Hypokalemia. Comparisons may be
- useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Bartter's Syndrome is a metabolic disorder involving the kidneys. Major
- symptoms include slowed growth, weakness, excessive thirst and excessive
- urination. Bartter's Syndrome is characterized by the excessive loss of
- potassium through the kidneys. (For more information on this disorder,
- choose "Bartter" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Periodic Paralysis, Hypokalemic Type, is a disorder characterized by
- episodes of paralysis with loss of deep tendon reflexes and failure of
- muscles to respond to electrical stimulation. The cause is unknown. The
- paralysis may be limited to certain muscle groups or it may affect all four
- limbs. The attacks usually last between 24 and 48 hours. Potassium levels
- are usually abnormally low (hypokalemia).
-
- Metabolic Alkalosis is a disorder characterized by an increase in blood
- bicarbonate. Symptoms include irritability, neuromuscular hyperexcitability,
- low blood potassium (hypokalemia), muscular weakness, impaired
- gastrointestinal motility and excessive urination.
-
- (To find other disorders that include Hypokalemia as a symptom, choose
- "Hypokalemia" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- The underlying cause of Hypokalemia must first be treated. When the
- hypokalemia is severe, potassium chloride may be administered orally or
- intravenously. Treatment must be carefully monitored by a physician. Any
- associated acid-base disorders or hormonal disturbances must be evaluated
- before treatment is planned. The administration of potassium and potassium-
- sparing diuretics is usually discouraged in patients with kidney disease,
- diabetes mellitus, or dysfunctions of the autonomic nervous system. The
- imbalance of external and internal potassium levels in these individuals may
- predispose them to life-threatening degrees of Hyperkalemia (too much
- potassium). Hypokalemia in individuals with high blood pressure taking
- diuretics may be improved by replacing lost potassium in the diet through
- certain fruits or potassium drugs. Hypokalemia may also be minimized by
- dietary restriction of salt since high rates of sodium excretion promote
- urinary potassium losses. People who participate in vigorous sports or
- exercise in warm weather should be sure to replace potassium that is lost
- through excessive sweating. This can be accomplished through dietary
- planning.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Hypokalemia, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
- Box NDDIC
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 468-6344
-
- References
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and
- Co., 1987. Pp. 815-820.
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-
- chief;Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 966-969.
-
- PHYSIOLOGY OF MAGNESIUM METABOLISM AND THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF MAGNESIUM IN
- POTASSIUM DEFICIENCY. R.K. Rude; AM J CARDIOL (April 18, 1989; issue 63
- (14)). Pp. 31G-34G.
-
- ALDOSTERONE-PRODUCING ADENOMA PRESENTING WITH HYPOKALEMIC MYOPATHY. B.A.
- Dickson et al.; CLIN PEDIATR (PHIL) (July, 1988; issue 27 (7)). Pp. 344-347.
-
-